ࡱ> TVS5@ lJbjbj22 &NXX&y8D088NNNNNN///////$j1R3`0QNN0NNn0"""JNN/"/""#.h/N, ĎV//000/4"L4 /4/ Nb"p |SNNN00"CHAPTER 1 Mass is the amount of matter in an object, weight is a measure of the earths attraction for matter. energy is the ability to do work or cause change; kinetic energy the energy of an object in motion, potential energy-the energy of an object due to its composition or position. Law of conservation of mass and energy states that matter and energy cannot be created or destroyed, they can only be converted in a nuclear reaction. solid, gas, liquid, plasma solid high density liquid medium density gaseous low density plasma a gaseous system composed of positively charged particles and negatively charged electrons kinetic energy goes from lowest(solid)to highest(plasma) physical property can be observed without changing the identity of the matter; chemical property is the ability of a substance to undergo a change to alter its identity extensive physical property depend on the amount of matter present weight, length, volume; intensive does not color, luster, malleability just know it periodic table is arranged in increasing atomic number metals conduct electricity and heat well, easily malleable, luster, ductile, all are solid in room temp except Hg. Non metals are poor conductors of electricity and heat, opposite of metals. Metalloids are a semi-conductor, mix property of metal and nonmetals just know it CHAPTER 2 11. length m , mass- kg , time s, temp K , volume L , density kg/m3 know table on pg 33. figure it out urself precise is where your data is in accord with your own data, accurate is where your data is in accord with the accept value. just know it use a calculator!!! just know it density is the amount matter in a given space. Kg/m3. CHAPTER 3 a. all matter composed of atoms b. atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and other properties; different elements are different in size, mass and other properties. c. atoms cannot be subdivide, created, or destroyed. d. atoms of different element can combine in simple number ratios, to form compounds e. in chemical reactions, atoms are combined separated, and rearranged. Difference atoms are divisible, that a given element can have atoms of different masses, called isotopes law of definite composition- a chemical compound contains the same element in the exactly the same proportions by mass regardless of the size of the sample and source of the compound; law of multiple proportions states that if two or more compounds are composed of the same two elements, the masses of the second element combined with the certain mass of the first element can be expressed as ration of whole small numbers. Sir Joseph Thomson discovered the electron by using the cathode ray tubes Millikan discovered the mass of an electron is approximately 1/2000 of a hydrogen atom and he calculated the charge of the electron to be smallest possible negative charge using the oil drop experiment Rutherford discovered the nucleus, using the metal foil experiment a. electron -1 very insignificant mass, e- , electron cloud proton - +1 1 amu, p+, nucleus neutron no charge 1 amu, n0, nucleus a. atomic number- the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom b. mass number- number of protons plus number of neutrons c. atomic mass-average mass of all isotopes of an element 26. isotope same proton, different neutrons H protium, deutium, tritium Cl 17 p, 18 n, 17 e. 27. calculate urself 28. atom is neutral by itself, ion has charge. 29. mole = 6.022 E 23 particles 30. molar mass is the mass per mole of an element 31. solve this urself CHAPTER 7 32. Chemical formula is important because it shows the reactants and products 33. study green sheet 34. ionic, has a metal and nonmetal. Molecular has only nonmetal. 35. Look at the rule sheets Cu2S Copper (I) Sulfide H2CO3 Carbonic Acid CCl4 Carbon Tetrachlride ZnCO3 Zinc Carbonate H3PO3 (aq) Phosphorous acid H2SO4 Sulfuric Acid N2O3 Nitrogen Trioxide Fe2(Cr2O7)3 Iron (III) Dichromate KmnO4 Potassium Permanganate (NH4)2S2O3 H2S (aq) Hydrosulfuric acid Fe2(C2o4)3 Iron (III) Oxalate Na2O2 -sodium Peroxide MgSiO3 Magnesium Silicate HC2H3O2 hydroacetatic acid CH4 methane Sulfur trioxide SO3 Hydrocyanic acid HCN (aq) Postassium chlorate KclO3 Magnesium nitrate Mg (NO3)2 Tetraiodine nonoxide I4O9 Copper (II) chloride Cu Cl2 Chromic acid H2CrO4 Ammonia NH3 Ammonium sulfide (NH4)2S 36. calculate urself 37. calculate urself 38. calculate urself CHAPTER 8 39. Pb(C2H3O2)2 + Sr(NO2)2 --> Pb(NO2)2 + Sr(C2H3O2)2 40. a. synthesis A+B = AB b. decomp AB = A+B single repl A+BC = AC + B dbl repl AB + CD = AD + CB combustion C_H_ + O2 --> CO2 + H2O 41. read rules 42. activity series is on pg 252. CHAPTER 29 43. Chemical does not alter structure of atoms, nuclear changes the identity of the element 44. radioactive decay, nuclear disintegration, fusion, fission 45. half-life is the time that the element takes to allow half of its mass disintegrate. 46. alpha, beta, gamma, , ,  , a- lowest penetration , composed of He-4, beta=fastest speed, penetration is 100x of alpha, composed of electrons 0 1 e ,gamma high penetration, composed of electromagnetic waves 47. (top first, bottom second) 70,33 As --> 4,2 He + 64,31 Ga 210,83 Bi ---> 210, 82 Pb + 0,-1 e 14,7 N +4,2 He --> 1,1 H + 17,8 O 60,27 Co + 1,0 n --> 61,27 Co 3,1 H +2,1 H --> 4,2 He +1,0 n 235,92U + 1,0 n --> 141,56 Ba + 92,36 Kr + 3 (1,0 n) 48. Radioactive decay emission of an alpha particle, a beta particle, or gamma radiation, subtracting particles. Nuclear disintegration bombardment of particles, adding of particles Fission- heavy nucleus splits to form medium mass nuclei Fusions light mass nuclei combine to form heavy, more stable nuclei 49. control rods neutron absorbing steel, used to limit the number to free neutrons moderator slows down the fast neutrons produced by fission coolant substance that lowers the heat, H2O CHAPTER 4 50. EM radiation form of energy that exhibits wavelike behavior as it travels through space. 51. wavelength   the distance between corresponding points on adjacent waves frequency v  the number of waves that pass a given point in a specific amount of time, usually one second 52. relationship  C (speed of light, 3E8) = v 53. relationship  E = P (plancks constant, 6.626 E-34) v 54. photoelectric effect- the emission of electrons by certain metals when light shines on them 55. proton an individual quantum of light 56. know calculations 57. ground state the state of lowest energy of an atom excited state a state in which it has a higher potential energy than it has in its ground state 58. continuous spectrum contains all the wave length, while line spectrum only contains photons produced when electron drops from a higher-energy orbit to a lower one. 59. spectroscopy is an instrument that separates light into a spectrum that can be examined. 60. Bohrs model : The single electron of the hydrogen atom can circle the nucleus only in allowed paths or orbits. 61. 62. 63. 64.too lazy u guyz can do itnot dificult 65. 66. 67. 68. Aufbau Principle an electron occupies the lowest energy orbital that can received it. Know the diagonal chart 69. Hunds rule - orbital of equal energy are each occupied by one electron before any one orbital is occupied by a second electron, and all electrons in singly occupied orbital must have the same spin. 70. Paulis exclusion principle - no two electrons in the same atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers 71. noble gas configuration writing the config short short- hand configuration 72. valence is the outermost electrons, inner-shell is everything else. 73. know this Full electron config: use the diagonal chart, determine the last term of the electron configuration. Then write EVERYTHING with FULL electrons BEFORE that term. Orbital notation: electrons are represented by arrows. Energy lvl written below the fraction sign, arrows on top, remember, p lvls have px,py, and pz. Shorthand: same thing as full electron note, but everything before the previous noble gas is denoted as [ gas ] 74. Basically its drawing the valence electrons.if you dont know this, you are stupidj/k CHAPTER 5 SORRY GUYZ, I AM TOO LAZY TO DO THIS SECTION CHAPTER 9 I know u love stoichiometry 83. Stoichiometry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the mass relationships of elements in compounds and the mass relationships between reactants and products in chemical reactions. Composition: mass relationships of elements in chemical compounds Reaction: mass relationships among reactants and products in a chemical reaction 84 end Know MY rules CONVERSIONS: always convert to moles before changing to the produced element or compound ex. O2 ---> 2H2 (I KNOW THIS DOESNT HAPPEN ON EARTH) 32 | 1 | 2 |1.008 | | 16 | 1 | 1 MASS --> MASS (A)MASS TO MOLES.DO COVERSION ..MOLES TO MASS (B) MASS TO VOLUME (A)MASS TO MOLES.DO COVERSION..MOLES TO LITERS (B) VOLUME TO VOLUME (A)VOLUME COVERSION FACTOR.VOLUME (B) LIMITING STUFF AND %YIELD::::: A GIVEN : 6 \\\\///// B GIVEN 2 change every given to moles write balanced equation EX. 2A+B --> C divide the reactants EX. 2 / 1 = 2 divide the given EX. 6 /2 = 3 compare.if the given (4) is big 5;ou! G   ~   ` { 3 : 7 D E O S  AnovZuJ\%&3@u3Laei hiCJH*hi5CJH*\hihi6CJ]hi5CJ\ hiCJS o!   ~ ` 3 7 D E O ANbo & Fh^h8^8 & F & FIkJd7J^0r4La hh^h`h & F^ & Fh^hQgkpG[n8A dhzAW  ` i :!"""###$ $4$$$$hi6CJH*]hi6CJH*] hi>*CJhi56CJ\]hi6CJ]hi5CJ\ hiCJLQg'E[t6Sax & F,G\q6[j4|A_~ & F & F@ _ 6!"b##$|$$$$`%&e&&&&&''$$$$$ %d%w%%% &&i&u& '0'''_(z(")))F)R)v))*****++++++,,,,L---- ../T/n////0H:H@HHHHHHHHIIIQIIIII^J_JeJfJgJhJkJlJhimHnHujhiUhi hi5\Uhi5CJ\ hiCJhi6CJ]N''''[(()f)v)****!+"+++++++++,,2-;-<-K-L-L-Y----.".V.W.f......./=/n///HHHHH & Fh&dP^hh^h & Fger than (3), then the one on top of the fraction sign is EXCESS; if the given (4) is smaller than (3), then the one on top of the fraction sign is LIMITING. FINDING PRODUCT: Use the LIMITING and do the conversion stuff to find the product.. FIND EXCESS USED: Use the LIMITING and do the conversion stuff to find the other reactant Excess Remain = Original (Given) --- Excess used (found in the previous) %yield!!!!! ACTUAL THEORETICAL ( FOUND USING FINDING PRODUCT X 100 = A PERCENT (%) Mark Yu (after mooching off of Jeff and Meng on this one) Page  PAGE 1 HIPIQIIIIIIIIIIiJjJkJlJ &d P $&P1h/ =!"#$%@@@ NormalCJ_HaJmH sH tH :@: Heading 1$@&5\DA@D Default Paragraph FontVi@V  Table Normal :V 44 la (k@(No List 4@4 iHeader  !4 @4 iFooter  !W'N o!~`37DEOANbod7J ^  0 r 4 L a Qg'E[t6Sax,G\q6[j4d$YZ.hCrs}+gKP{F Qa k u v !!"&"'"6"7"D""""" #A#B#Q#######$($Y$$$%%%%%%;&<&&&&&&&&&&T'U'X'0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 000E 0E 0E 0E 0E 0E 0E 0E0E0 000000 0 0  0  0  0  0 0 0 000000000000 0 0 0  07  07  07  07  07  07  07  07  07  0 7  0 7  0 7  0 7  0 7  07  07  07  07  07  07  07  07  07  07  07 0 0 0 0 0000 0 0 000000000000000000000000000s0s0s0s0s0s0s0s0s0s0s0s0s0s0s0s0s0s0s0s0s0s0s0s0s0s0s0s0s0s0s0s0s00k 0k 0k 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  0 0 0 0 00"0"00B#0B#00#0#0#0# 0# 0# 0# 0# 0#0000000000000000@0My0030]`>3xxxxx{$lJ 'L-HlJ!"&kJlsu{!?k3^ X'h X'9*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsplace   "  ! # * 5 7 Z ` .0@MU[jp!?A JQouBE &' 'U'X'ou~SYNQovder s 5 K P Y e i UZkqKT`iu~_cnv8Ail/1DK1: kqOY[bV^ UY ""%"""""""####Y$_$$$$$%%&&&&&U'X'3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333NN55&&&&D'I'S'X'&U'X'Jeff SunJeff SunJeff SunJeff SunJeff SunJeff SunJeff SunJeff SunMark Yu Mark YuXii3 AdF.+N"`Uf^`o(.^`.pLp^p`L.@ @ ^@ `.^`.L^`L.^`.^`.PLP^P`L.^`o(.^`.pLp^p`L.@ @ ^@ `.^`.L^`L.^`.^`.PLP^P`L. ^`o(.^`.pLp^p`L.@ @ ^@ `.^`.L^`L.^`.^`.PLP^P`L.^`o(.^`.pLp^p`L.@ @ ^@ `.^`.L^`L.^`.^`.PLP^P`L.^`o(.pp^p`o(.@ L@ ^@ `L.^`.^`.L^`L.^`.PP^P`. 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