ࡱ> 7 bjbjUU 7|7|lBBBBBBBf4444,5fT>55555555SSSSSSS$BU bWbSB55555SpDBB55SpDpDpD5 B5B5SpD5SpDpD>I?QBBwS55 ܄Lfv24?S4wS S0TCS4WpDWwSpDVrBBBBChapter 6 Outline Section One: The Roman Republic -- first Italians first had contact with Greeks in 900 BC ( Greek traders sailing on east and west coast ( set up farming communities in southern Italy and Sicily -- Greeks introduced Italians to Greek alphabet The Italian Peninsula -- narrow, boot shaped peninsula ( extends from Europe towards Africa -- central location: -- divides Mediterranean Sea in half -- ideal location in center of trade routes among Asia, Europe, and Africa -- good for farming: -- rich soil -- mild, moist climate -- of peninsula plains with silt from mountain streams -- shallow rivers blocked mouths of many rivers ( swamps ( mosquitoes ( mosquito-related diseases plagued Italians -- only land connection(north) cut off by Alps -- other mountains kept early Italians trading amongst themselves -- marshy, rocky coastline lacked good harbors ( hindered trade to other countries Early Peoples -- people in Italy long before Greeks as early as 5000 BC -- built villages and farms Indo-Europeans -- 2000 BC 1000 BC: Indo-Europeans immigrated and overwhelmed Neolithic people -- by the time Greek arrived, these people inhabited the Italian peninsula: Umbrians ( north Latins ( in central plain called Latium Oscans ( south -- most people spoke Indo-European The Etruscans -- 900 BC 500 BC: Etruscans ruled northern Italy from Etruria(plains) -- didnt speak Indo-European like most -- alphabet came from Greeks; few words deciphered -- expressive art of life: -- dance; music ( shows rich, pleasant life -- sculpture ( shows men and woman eating and talking; victorious soldiers; pretty deities -- ornamented homes of upper class Etruscans -- society believed to consist of wealthy overlords, aristocratic priests, and slave labor force made up of conquered people -- wealthy overlords: enslaved people so they could live comfortably -- aristocratic priests: sacrificed POW or forced to duel to death to appease gods -- lower classes and other Italians freed selves from Etruscan rule after many revolts -- chief were Latins center in Rome of Latium plains The Rise of Rome -- legend says: 753 BC Romulus was building city walls on hill overlooking Tiber River when his brother, Remus, also building city walls on another hill, was joking around and lept over Romulus city walls ( Romulus killed him and built the city walls on his blood saying that anyone who leaps over his battlements will die -- myth continues to say Romulus rule brought Rome to be the greatest city in peninsula -- actual origins probably from 800-700 BC, less violent, and came about when villages on the seven hills joined to form one community ( called Rome Etruscan Rule -- 620 BC: Etruscans gained control of Rome -- Tarquins wealth Etruscan family that provided kings to rule Rome -- taught Latins to build with brick and roof houses with tile -- drained marshy lowlands and laid city streets -- built square called Forum(became seat of Roman government) in center of city; also built temples and taught Latins Etruscan religious rituals -- took Rome to position as one of wealthiest cities in Italy -- 534 BC: Tarquin the Proud came to power -- cruel ( angered Romans -- 509 BC: result of above ( Romans drove Tarquins out -- Etruscan artisans stayed and helped Rome prosper Social Groups -- wealthy aristocrates class existed under Etruscan rule patricians Latin nobles who declared Rome a republic when Etruscan leaders driven out plebeians most of Romes inhabitants such as wealthy non-aristocratic people and landowners, merchants, shopkeepers, small farmers, and laborers -- both citizens and had rights (i.e. right to vote, pay taxes, serving in military) -- plebeians couldnt hold office like patricians could The Roman Republic -- patricians organized government into executive and legislative branches Legislative Branch -- at first ( Assembly of Centuries and Senate all under patrician control -- Assembly of Centuries named after military formation of 100 soldiers -- members elected officials of executive branch -- Senate a group of 300 patrician men who served for life -- power outweighed Assembly of Centuries -- senators advised consuls, debated foreign policies, proposed laws, and approved contracts for constructing roads, temples, and defenses Executive Branch -- headed by 2 patrician officials, consuls(called that because had to consult each other before acting), elected for one-year terms -- consuls could veto each others decision(veto is Latin for I forbid) -- consuls oversaw other executive officials -- only dictators(a leader whos word was law) could overrule consuls -- temporarily appointed to lead during times of crisis -- most admired one: Cincinnatus -- 458 BC: powerful rival threatened Rome and he was named dictator for the emergency ( immediately joined army and led in battle ( defeated enemy, marched them back to Rome, resigned and returned to plowing 16 days later Plebeians Against Patricians -- 494 BC: plebeians, who resented their lack of power in the republic, refused to fight in Roman army unless patricians yielded to their demands for change Plebeian Victories -- patricians agreed to reforms, scared at loss of military forces -- recognized tribunes(the plebeians chosen representatives) and granted them legal protections and the right to veto government decisions -- recognized Assembly of Tribes(body of plebeians who elected tribunes) -- eventually won right to make laws -- plebeians improved social standings -- enslavement for debts ended -- marriage between patricians and plebeians allowed -- social structure still dominated by small group of wealthy, powerful citizens -- plebeians and their reforms took Rome towards democracy The Twelve Tables -- most significant plebeian victory -- 451 BC: patricians engraved laws on 12 bronze tablets and set in Forum for all to see -- before, Roman law were on unwritten traditions, interpreted by patrician judges who often did so in their favor -- laws to be written to make sure judges applied laws fairly -- became basis for future Roman laws and established the principle that all free citizens had a right to laws protection Religion -- early Romans worshipped nature spirits -- Etruscan influence ( began to think of spirits as gods and goddesses -- adopted practice of foretelling future -- priests(known as soothsayers) believed could gain knowledge of future vents by observing flight of birds or animal intestines -- 500 years as republic ( borrowed Greek deities and gave them Roman names -- life remained Roman ( families worshipped ancestral guardians and goddess of hearth, Vesta Family -- basic unit of Roman society -- large, close-knit households including unmarried children, married sons and families, dependant relatives, and household slaves -- father ( absolute head of household -- conducted religious creemonies -- controlled property -- supervised education of sons -- could sell family members into slavery or kill them -- responsible for welfare of family members -- wives had little legal rights but more than Greek women, even Athenians -- hostess for parties -- did marketing -- ran households with little or no interference -- could get have own property and businesses -- wealthy women could study Greek literature, arts, and fashions since they had slaves to do work for them -- lower class women did household tasks and worked at family-run shops -- children grew up with discipline and completely loyal to family -- early Rome: parents taught children reading, writing, and moral standards -- boys: fathers trained to be good farmers and soldiers -- girls: mothers taught how to run house -- all Romans had same value: thrift, discipline, self-sacrifice, devotion to family and republic -- known as traditional Roman values Section Two: Expansion and Crisis -- 500 BC 300 BC: Rome faced threats from neighbors in Italy -- Romans conquered or forced them to ally with Rome to protect Republic -- 264 BC: Rome ruled entire peninsula -- Greek colonies not easy -- 282 BC: Pyrrhus(ruled in Western Greece) helped the colonists, throwing back Roman forces several times but at heavy losses -- 275 BC: Romans pushed Pyrrhus back to Greece -- victory won at great cause now called Pyrrhic victory Roman Legions -- success in war due to strong army -- early days: every male served in military when needed -- used tactics of Greek phalanx warfare -- generals learned phalanxes too large and slow ( not effective enough -- reorganized troops into legions of 6000 men -- divided legions into mobile units of 60 120 soldiers -- used this to shatter phalanxes -- legionaries(Roman soldiers) well trained with deserting punishable by death -- iron discipline helped soldiers comquer empires -- allowed conquered peoples to keep government if help fight -- sometimes allow partial rights and citizenship -- much better than other victors of time who killed or enslaved cities -- set up coloniae(permanent military settlements) in Italy to defend strategic heights and river crossings -- chain of roads built to link coloniae ( later became major trade routes Rome Against Carthage -- 300 BC: Carthage had become wealthiest city in Mediterranean and explanded to conquer the Spanish coast and most of Sicily by then -- Romans called Carthaginians the Punici First Punic War -- 264 BC: Carthage threatened to seize the Strait of Messina(narrow passage between Italy and Sicily) -- Romans sent force to secure strait ( result: full-scale war -- Roman army took over most of Carthaginian colonies in Sicily -- Carthage fought back with large, powerful navy -- Romans then built a larger fleet -- used a new technique at a battle off African coast -- Romans boarded Carthaginian ships wit grappling hooks and killed the crews -- allowed Romans to fight on sea and beat Carthaginians there -- 241 BC: war kept going until then -- Carthaginians never regained control of Sicily or sea again -- Carthaginians agreed to pay Romans large indemnity(payment for damages) to keep Romans from invading their homeland Second Punic War -- 221 BC: Hannibal, a young soldier in the Carthaginian army in Spain, became general of it -- 219 BC: Hannibal took a city in Spain allied with Rome -- next move to war with Italy -- took 40,000 soldiers and 40 elephants from Spain to attack Italy -- cold, hunger, sickness killed half of Hannibals army and most of the elephants as they crossed the Alps to Italy -- reduced army defeated the Roman armies sent against them -- 216 BC: battle at Cannae(southern Italy) ( Hannibals army nearly destroyed Roman army -- resulted with Roman rallying and raised lots of volunteer legions with Scipio as general -- Scipio attacked Carthage and forced Hannibal back to Africa -- 202 BC: Scipio defeated Hannibal at Zama -- Scipio demanded Carthaginian give up land in Spain, turn over most of their warships, and pay another indemnity Third Punic War -- 50 years after last Punic War, Carthage regained prosperity ( no threat to Rome -- Rome forced war on Carthage this time -- Cato: Roman senator who was real for defeating Carthage, ending every speech with Carthago delenda est (Carthage must be destroyed) -- 146 BC: Romans burned Carthage ( sold surviving people into slavery -- legend says Romans sowed salt in soil to keep anything from growing there -- victory over Carthage gave Rome complete control of western Mediterranean The Republic in Crisis -- Roman forces engaged in east during Punic Wars -- 230 130 BC: Rome brought eastern Mediterranean area under influence -- refered to Mediterranean as mare nostrum (our sea) Rich, Poor, and Slavery -- militarily triumphant but trouble socially -- conquered provinces complained of corrupt Roman officials stealing provincial wealth for personal gain -- wealthy Romans took land from small farmers ( [farmers] found hard to rebuild after war ( [wealthy Romans] created latifundas(large estates that provided grain, sheep, olives, and fruits for urban markets) from the seized land for profit ( cheap labor because of thousands of captives and POWs from war -- 100 BC: 30% of Roman people were slaves -- slave labor replaced paid labor forced small farmers and rural workers to seek jobs in cities -- jobs not readily available ( these people formed class of urban, landless poor ( lived meager living supporting any politician that promised bread and circuses (cheap food and free amusements) -- gap between poor and rich widened ( constant threat of revolts ( legions stationed in provinces to stop threat -- 73 71 BC: Spartacus led 70,000 slaves in an army, pludering the Italian countryside to try to win freedom -- Romans crushed his forces with great effort killing 6000 of Spartacus followers ( putting down revolts cost greatly in troops, money, and resources Reformers and Generals -- feuding families weakened republic -- reforms to narrow social gap proposed to stabilize society and reduce violence -- 133 BC: Tiberius Gracchus, a tribune, proposed limiting size of latifundia and distributing land to the poor -- Senate was made up of wealthy Romans who obviously opposed him so what did they do? They had him killed! Meanies!!! -- 123 BC: Gaius Gracchus, brother of Tiberius, proposed the same reforms as his brother and was killed too Crowding the Cities -- army leaders came to power after Gracchi died -- Marius first of them; general who became a consul in 107 BC after saving Rome from a Germanic tribe attack -- lack of small farmers made a citizen army obsolete ( turned to unemployed urban poor to build army ( offered payment, uniforms and equipment, and promised land when discharged -- result: Roman had a professional army with soldiers pledging allegiance to commander and not republic -- military and political rivals built own armies to advance political ambitions -- 88 82 BC: Marius and Sulla, a rival general, fought for Rome -- Sulla won and exiled Marius, having himself appointed dictator -- practice of using army to gain political force copied by Julius Caesar Julius Caesar -- 100 BC: born in Rome of aristocrat family -- became one of Romes best general and political leader ( rose to power through game of politics in Rome -- 60 BC: Caesar allied self with Pompey, a general, and Crassus, a politician ( helped Caesar become consul a year later ( 10 years later, formed triumvirate(a group of three persons with equal power) and ruled Rome -- silenced government critics, bending senators and tribunes to their will through force or bribes Caesars Military Campaigns -- realized needed military victories to advance in politics when he was consul -- 59 BC: took military command in Gaul, inhabited by Celts then -- conquered them and brought under Roman rule -- crossed Rhine river to fight Germanic tribes and invaded Britain twice -- result of victories: hailed as military hero by lower classes ( gained popularity ( because of that, senators saw him as threat -- 50 BC: triumvirate fell apart: Crassus killed in battle when leading Roman forces through Asia and Pompey became Caesars political rival -- 49 BC: Senate with Pompeys backing ordered Caesar to give up army and return to Rome -- Caesar had no intention of doing so ( assembled 5,000 loyal troops and crossed Rubicon(stream that divided his military provinces from Roman Italy) -- legend says: Caesar saw vision encouraging him to cross -- after crossing Rubicon, he was defying Senate from which theres no turning back ( civil war inevitable -- Caesars army captured Italy and drove out Pompey and allies -- fighting spread eastward -- 48 BC: Caesar finally defeated Pompey at Pharsalus, Greece Caesar in Power -- 45 BC: Caesar took over government as absolute ruler for life -- reforms encompassed: -- granted citizenship to people in provinces outside Italy -- added people loyal from provinces to Senate representatives -- reforms made central government more responsive to conquered territories -- strengthed power at expense of patricians -- social reforms to help poor: provided jobs for unemployed by setting up public working programs and ordering slave-owning landowners to hire more free laborers -- colonies founded throughout Roman territories to provide land for landless poor -- government kept distributing free grain(already a long-standing practice), but reduced number of people eligible -- new calendar based on scholar work in Alexandria -- replaced old Roman lunar calendar ( new had 365 days with an extra day every four years ( named Julian in honor of him Caesars Death -- many believed Caesar wised ruler whiles others believed to be tyrant trying to make self king ( ancient Roman law allowed anyone who tried to do that to be killed without trial ( group of senators against Caesar acted under this law -- March 15, 44 BC: chief conspirators, Brutus and Cassius, led the group of senators to stab Caesar to death as he entered the Senate End of the Republic -- Octavian(18-year-old grandnephew of Caesar) joined forces with Marc Antony and Marcus Lepidus(both Caesars top government officers) after Caesars death ( formed second triumvirate -- 42 BC: the 2nd triumvirate defeated Caesars assassins -- divided Roman world amongst selves under guise of setting up a Republic again -- Octavian took Italy and west -- Antony took Greece and east -- Lepidus took North Africa -- 2nd triumvirate didnt last long: -- Octavian forced Lepidus to retire from politics -- Octavian persuaded Romans Antony intended to rule Rome with foreign wife when Antony married Cleopatra -- 31 BC: Naval battle at Actium, Greece ( Octavian scattered enemy forces -- 30 BC: Antony and Cleopatria committed suicide in Egypt to evade capture -- Octavian became rule of Rome with Antony dead ( beginning of Roman Empire Section Three: The Roman Empire -- Roman Republic: laws too weak and broken with social changes ( military officials took power from political officals -- Octavian believed Rome needed one strong leader ( Senate agreed -- 27 BC: Senate appointed Octavian consul, tribune, and commander in chief for life -- Octavian gave himself the title Augustus(Majestic One) The First Emperors -- August claimed to support republic ( actually laid foundation for new state Roman Empire ( became first emperor(absolute ruler) Augustus Caesar -- 27 BC AD 14: Augustus 40 year reign -- rebuilt Rome ( patron of arts -- did many reforms for empire: -- proconsuls couldnt exploit provinces -- publican tax collectors replaced with permanent government employees -- grain imported from North Africa so all in Rome fed -- roads built and repaired -- public buildings built throughout empire -- boasted found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble -- 31 BC: Pax Romana(Roman peace) began ( lasted 200 years with only major disturbances in years when new emperors came to power ( Augustus devised no laws for selection of emperors The Julio-Claudian Emperors -- AD 14 AD 68: four emperors ruled these years called Julio-Claudian because each member of Augustus family(known as Julio-Claudians) -- showed promise when came to power but turned out to have lots of flaws Tiberius adopted son of Augustus who succeeded him -- accused many innocents of treason against him Caligula Tiberius grandnephew and successor -- AD 37: succeeded Tiberius as emperor -- mentally disturbed -- AD 41: palace guard killed him Claudius Caligulas uncle who succeeded Caligula -- renowned scholar but had trouble focusing on state affairs as he got older Nero Claudius stepson -- AD 54: became emperor -- cruel and probably insane -- willing to bankrupt Rome to pay for horse racing and music(two pleasures of him) -- suspected many of plotting against him ( killed wife, mother, and many senators of such treason -- AD 68: Senate sentenced to death for treason ( committed suicide The Good Emperors -- the 28 years after Neros death: Rome ruled by emperors backed by army -- AD 96: Senate chose candidate for emperor Nerva ( considered first of Good Emperors ( others: Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius -- Good Emperors known for effective administration and support of large building projects Trajan increased empire to greatest size (AD 130 at greatest extent) Hadrian strengthened Roman frontiers ( built Hadrians Wall in Britain and other defense positions Antoninus Pius maintained empires prosperity Marcus Aurelius(philosopher-ruler) brought Rome to height of economic prosperity -- all Good Emperors lived by Stoic principles Roman Rule -- 27 BC: Augustus came to power -- 70 100 million people in Roman Empire -- many government changes needed to rule so many people effectively Imperial Government -- Augustus improved working of empire by choosing professional governors rather than letting Senate appoint inexperienced proconsuls each year -- left local kings in charge under his command in some provinces(i.e. Judea) -- ordered new roads built so could keep touch with all parts of empire -- personally inspected provinces frequently -- served as pontifex maximus(chief priest of Rome) to dignify position but also head of national, unifying religion The Law -- new laws needed for non-citizens as gained more provinces -- created: -- jus gentium laws that dealt with non-citizens -- jus civile citizen law -- early AD 200s emperors granted citizenship to so many people of nearby provinces that all free males were full Roman citizens ( two laws made one -- laws generally stressed authority of state over individual -- gave people definite legal rights ( one: accused person considered innocent until proven guilty -- system of laws basis for other Western nations and Christian Church An Imperial Army -- Augustus and later emperors maintained professional army ( more peaceful conditions resulted in reduction of number of legions, and fighting force made of troops recruited from provincial people -- forced combined totaled to about 300,000 troops ( not enough to defend 4,000 mile border -- by AD 160: invasions by peoples outside empire became continuing problem Roman Civilization -- 31 BC AD 180: Pax Romana(Roman Peace) period of prosperity -- stability boosted trade, raised standards of living, and generated achievements in arts The Empires Economy -- AD 1st century: artisans made pottery, woven cloth, blown glass, and jewelry for sale throughout empire ( provinces sent to Italy luxury items(i.e. silk cloth and spices from trade with China, India, and Southeast Asian countries) -- raw material like tin from Britain, iron from Gaul, and lead from Spain brought to Roman harbors -- Greek traders within empire trading to distant places like eastern Africa, Southeast Asia, and China Life During the Pax Romana -- economic changes brought changes in lifestlyes -- families became less important than in Republic -- couples had less children and more likely to divorce -- fathers lost power and wives gained legal rights -- society was less stable -- patricians could lose wealth, military officers could hold office in Senate, and poor men might get rich from manufacturing -- consistent life formed within each class -- wealthy held public officer, owned large farms outside cities, ran factories, or directed trading firms -- lived in luxurious homes with marble walls, mosaic floors, running water, and baths -- prosperity reached average people(shopkeepers and artisans) too -- fewer people got really rich while more became fairly well off -- majority still poor -- no private baths so bathed at public areas built under emperors -- most lived in flimsy wooden apartment buildings of 6-7 stories ( easily caught fire or collapsed Public Amusements -- poor didnt rebel against government because free bread and entertainmetn offered -- by AD 160: Romans celebrating 130 holidays annually -- included races with charioteers or gladiators fight each other or wild animals to the death in Circus Maximus(arena seating more than 150, 000) Architecture, Engineering, and Science -- built Circus Maximus and Colosseum -- AD 118 and 128: Hadrian rebuilt Pantheon(temple for all the deities) which had a dome and huge sky light -- mixed concrete, new building material, with various kinds of stone to build Pantheon -- 300s BC: Appian Way constructed first major Roman road ( connected Rome and southeastern Italy -- network of roads built to link Rome with provinces during Pax Romana -- total length of 50,000 miles ( helped unify empire -- engineered aqueducts(artificial channels for carrying water) arches built out of stone -- could flow as far as 57 miles -- very well-built ( one in Segovia, Spain is still used today 1,900 years after completion -- good at adapting discoveries of others and using in new, practical ways -- used Etruscan arch and done to build aqueducts and Pantheon -- used Greek column design for supporting porches built around city squares -- scientists also used info gathered from other cultures -- Galen Greek physician gathered and compiled medical ideas of ancient world ( formed basis of Roman medical science ( influenced medical science for centuries -- Ptolemy Egyptian astronomer ( observations formed foundation for Roman astronomy ( made possible for later predictions of planetary motion possible Roman Education -- studied borrowed knowledge avidly -- wealthy boys and girls got private lessons at home -- wealthy boys would go on to academies ( former Greek slaves taught geometry, astronomy, philosophy, and oratory -- wealthy girls didnt go to academies but many studied at home and as well educated as men -- lower class people generally had basic knowledge of reading, writing, and math to conduct business Language and Literature -- Latin Romes official language ( vocabulary smaller than Greek or modern english ( many words had several meanings ( stayed lingua franca(common language) of Europe up until AD 1500s -- formed basis for Romance language(Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian) and supplies roots for more than half of English words -- Latin literature achieved elegance and power of own in reign of Augustus too -- Cicero, a Roman senator, published written speeches -- Ovid wrote the Metamorphoses verses based on Greek mythology -- Horace, a poet, wrote about shortness of life and rewards of companionship in Odes -- Virgil, Horaces friend, wrote the Aeneid epic poem like those of Homer -- expressed humility and pride of Romans -- Livy, a later writer, wrote history of Rome glorifying early Romans -- Tacitus, historian, condemned tyranny of Julio-Claudian emperors with subtle, but scathing irony(unlike Livy who praised them) -- Germania contrasts robust life of Germans with weak, pleasure-loving life of Romans Section Four: The Rise of Christianity -- early Romans worshipped nature spirits which became deities with Etruscan influence -- later adopted Greek religion and its deities -- when Augustus came to power, he expected the people to honor the emperor as Romes chief priest ( people still allowed to worship freely ( variety of religions -- Christianity began to be practiced by some Jews in eastern Mediterranean -- at first, thought to be a sect, or group, within Judaism -- Christianity won over non-Jewish followers, faith bec50ame a separate religion Judaism and the Empire -- AD 6: Augustus turned kingdom of Judah into province of Judea -- Romans there allowed Jews to practice religion but treated them cruelly -- strengthened hope that messiah(deliverer chosen by God) would help them regain freedom -- AD 66: Jews took matters in own hands and rebelled against Romans ( overpowered small Roman army in Jerusalem -- AD 70: Romans retook Jerusalem, destroyed the Temple, killed thousands of Jews -- AD 132: Jews rebelled unsuccessfully ( Romans banned Jews from living in Jerusalem ( forced to live in other parts of Mediterranean and Middle East -- Jews kept on studying Torah(entire body of Jewish religious law and learning) -- set up yeshivas(special academies) to promote study of Torah -- AD 200-500: rabbis(scholars trained in the yeshivas) assembled various interpretations of Torah in a book known as Talmud ( still important book of Jewish law Jesus of Nazareth -- a few decades before Jewish revolts, Jesus, a Jew, grew up in town of Nazareth -- AD 30 33: Jesus traveled through Galilee and Judea preaching new message to Jews and winning disciples(followers) -- urged people to turn away from sins and practice deeds of kindness -- said that Gods rule close at hand -- preached of a loving God who forgave all who repented no matter what evil done -- often used parables(symbolic stories) in teachings -- disciples believed he was messiah while others didnt ( led to controversy ( trouble Romans who felt anyone who could stir up such strong public feelings was a threat to Roman rule there -- AD 33: Pontius Pilate, Roman governor, arrested Jesus as a political rebel and ordered him to be crucified(hung from a cross until dead; typical Roman punishment for criminals) The Spread of Christianity -- disciples proclaimed Jesus rose from dead and appeared before them ( proof that he was messiah ( preached that he was son of God and the way of salvation -- small groups in Hellenistic cities of eastern Mediterranean accepted it -- acceptors of Jesus and teachings known as Christians after Christos(Greek word for messiah) -- Paul, a convert, aided Christianitys spread esp. among non-Jews ( traveled widely and wrote on behalf of religion ( letters combined with Gospels(stories about Jesus) and writings of other early Christian leaders ( works form New Testament of Bible -- other apostles(Christian missionaries) spread Christianity throughout Roman world -- Peter, leader of group, belived to have gone to Rome ( set up church there -- other churches set up in Greece, Asia Minor, Egypt, Gaul, and Spain Persecution and Competition -- Christians taught their religion only true faith ( refused to honor emperor as god and rejected military service ( Romans accused them of treason -- Romans feared rejection of deities would bring divine punishment -- didnt hunt out Christians but had them killed if thought making trouble -- often martyrs(people who chose to die rather than give up their beliefs) were thrown in stadiums to be killed by wild beasts in front of crowds -- such persecution lasted until AD 300s ( kept many from becoming Christians -- Christians had to win over that obstacle and compete with followers of polytheistic religions, mystery religions(named for mythical heroes and secret rituals), and Judaism for converts -- AD 200s-300s: Christianity flourished in Mediterranean world with other religions -- Christianity and Judaism mainly religion of cities -- Roman religions held in countryside -- number of Christians small at this time but strength in cities gave it influence Romans Adopt Christianity -- legend says: -- AD 312: Constantine, Roman general, saw a flaming cross in the sky with the Latin words In hoc signo vinces(With this as your standard you will have victory in fiery letters under it as he was leading his soldiers into battle. He ordered his soldiers to paint crosses(Christian symbol) on their shields. He credited their victory to the Christian God. -- AD 312: Constantine named emperor ( became protector of Christianity -- AD 313: issued Edict of Milan decreed all religious groups in empire free to worship as pleased -- Constantine attended meetings of Christian leaders and had churches built in Rome and Jerusalem -- Christianity increased in size because of missionary work and government support ( became important in western and eastern parts of empire -- AD 392: Emperor Theodosius made Christianity official religion of the Roman Empire ( banned old Hellenistic and Roman religions The Early Church -- Christians recognized that the Church would only prosper if united and teachings had to be clearly stated to avoid differences of opinions that might divided the Church -- turned to important religious thinkers to attempt to explain beliefs -- AD 100 500: various scholars known as Church Fathers wrote books explaining Christian teachings ( influenced Christian thinkers Teachings of Augustine -- AD 354: Augustine born in North Africa ( work valued by western part of empire -- thought to have written one of worlds first great autobiographies, Confessions ( describes how he was converted to Christianity -- became leading church official in North Africa -- wrote books, letters, and sermons ( shaped Christian thought at time -- wrote City of God first history of humanity from Christian POV Church Structure -- Church organized as hierarchy(levels of authority, each level more powerful than the one below it) by Augustines time -- parishes(local gatherings of Christians) led by priests ( they conducted worship services and supervised parish activities -- diocese a bunch of parishes together overseen by a bishop ( they interpreted Christian beliefs and administered regional church affairs -- most powerful bishops governed Christians in empires larger cities -- patriarchs bishops of the five leading cities: Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem -- bishops met at councils(like at Nicaea in AD 325) to discuss questions and disputes about beliefs ( decisions made came to be accepted as doctrine (official teachings); points not accepted were considered heresy(false doctrine) -- AD 400s: bishop of Rome began to claim authority over other patriarchs -- addressed by Greek or Latin word papa ( now pope in English -- pope regarded as head of all churches in Latin-speaking Christians in West -- Christians in East wont accept authority of pope over their churches ( bishops of Antioch and Alexandria claimed a paternal rule equal to pope -- eventually the churches and those of Latin West separated from each other ( Latin churches became known as Roman Catholic Church and Greek churches became known as the Eastern Orthodox Church -- Characteristics of Christianity: -- Christians acknowledge God of Jews as their God. Bible includes Jewish Scriptures(Old Testament) and New Testament. -- Most Christians believe that three persons in one god the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit (the Trinity) -- Christianity affirms Jesus is God the Son who became human, died, and rose from dead to save humanity from sin. People receive eternal life by believing in him and his teachings. -- Christianity impacted the West largely, esp. in arts, philosophy, politics, and society. -- Christianity, with 1.5 billion followers, is worlds largest religion. Major faith in Europe, Americas, and Australia. -- Most Christians belong to one of three major groups: Roman Catholic, Protestant, or Eastern Orthodox. Section Five: Roman Decline -- AD 200s: Christianity was spreading through Roman Empire but Germanic tribes began to overrun western half of empire The Empires Problems -- rest from violence during reign of the Good Emperors -- Pax Romana ended with the death of Marcus Aurelius in AD 180 Political Instability -- confusion began when Commodus, Marcus Aurelius son, came to power as emperor -- bankrupted treasury to pay for personal pleasures -- AD 192: Commodus troops plotted to kill him -- AD 192 AD 284: army legions installed 28 emperors only to kill them off in succession -- political disorder during this time -- army fought themselves more than the Germanic tribes who repeatedly and successfully attacked Ecomonic Decline -- political instability led to economic decline ( warfare disrupted trade and production -- profits declined for artisans -- warfare destroyed farmland ( food shortages and food prices soared -- government minted more coins to try to cope with falling incomes and rising prices ( coins made of less precious metals since gold and silver running low ( merchants raised prices to get same return for goods ( inflation(rise in prices corresponding to a decrease in monetary value) -- decline of wealth affected whole empire -- to sustain army, government had to increase soldiers wages ( taxed landowners heavily to pay for this ( taxes made farming less profitable and farmers abandoned fields ( crop outputs shrank and food shortages worsened Unsuccessful Reforms -- late AD 200s -- early AD 300s: 2 emperors tried to stop the decline of the empire but only managed to preserve the government in the eastern empire for more than 1,000 years while only briefly delaying Germanic tribes invasion of Rome in the west Diocletian -- AD 284: General Diocletian came to power -- raised number of legions in army and traveled throughout empire to oversee defenses to hold back invasions -- realized empire too big for one person to handle so split empire into 2 administrative units ( self as co-emperor of the eastern provinces and General Maximian as co-emperor of western provinces -- tried to stop empires economic decline: -- tried to slow inflation by issuing the Edict of Prices froze wages and set maximum prices for goods -- penalty for breaking law was death ( still citizens sold goods through illegal trade -- required farmers who rented land to never leave property and make all workers stay in same jobs all their lives to keep farmers from leaving lands or people to change jobs Constantine -- AD 305: Diocletian retired and civil wars broke out until ((see next line) -- AD 312: Constantine came to power -- tried to stabilize empire by reinforcing Diocletians reforms -- made it legal for landowners to chain workers to keep them on the farm -- declared most jobs hereditary so sons had to follow fathers occupations -- AD 330: moved capital of eastern empire from Greek town of Byzantium, good place for trade and protected by natural barriers, and renamed it Constantinople Theodosius -- AD 337: Constantine died ( civil war until Theodosius I came to power -- empire still had internal problems and the western half suffered more -- willed that when he died, the two parts become separate empires to help lessen problems -- AD 395: division happened -- eastern empire referred to by historians as the Byzantine Empire after Byzantium ( capital -- western empire referred to by historians as the Roman Empire Barbarian Invasions -- late AD 300s: lots of Germanic peoples migrated to empire seeking warmer climate and better grazing land; others wanted a share of Romes wealth; most came fleeing from Huns fierce invaders from central Asia Warrior Groups -- Germanic warriors lived mostly by raising cattle and farming small plots -- had little to trade and poor compared to Romans -- each warrior group had warriors, their families, and a chief -- chief governed group and led warriors into battle -- lots of groups and chiefs unified only by their common language ( sounded like unintelligible babbling to Romans so they labeled them as barbarians The Visigoths -- late AD 300s AD 400s: variety of Germanic groups had hold over much of Roman territory -- included: Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Vandalas, Franks, Angles, and Saxons -- Visigoths were most important group at first -- AD 378: rebelled against Roman rule and defeated large Roman army at Adrianople(in Balkan Penin.) -- killed eastern Roman emperor ( successor bought peace with Visigoths by giving them land in the Balkan Penin. -- AD 410: Alaric, Visigothic chief, led people into Italy to capture and sack Rome -- after death, Visigoths retreated into Gaul The Huns -- came westward from central Asia -- led by Attila ( raided eastern empire and moved north to Gaul -- AD 451: Romans and Visigoths combined to fight and stop Huns in Gaul -- foiled in provinces ( Huns turned to Italy ( plundered larger cities and terrified people -- plague and famine hurt Huns -- AD 453: Attila died and Huns retreated to eastern Europe -- after Huns werent a threat anymore, wandering Germans, Persians, Slavs, and Avars battered continuously at the Roman eastern frontier -- diplomacy, bribery, and warfare kept them at bay for a short time End of the Western Empire -- nothing kept Germanic tribes to take over after Huns left and Italy devastated -- AD 455: Vandals raided and sacked Rome -- Franks and Goths divided Gaul amongst selves -- AD 476: Odoacer, German soldier, took control of Rome and overthrew young emperor, Romulus Augustulus, naming self as king of Italy -- some refer to this year as the year Roman Empire fell because Odoacer named self king -- end really a result of many events between AD 200 AD 500 -- end more accurately in late AD 400s -- not end of Roman culture -- Germanic rulers accepted Latin language, Roman laws, and Christian Church -- Byzantine Empire had Roman culture supplanted by Hellenistic culture -- AD 700s: Greek replaced Latin as language of 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